Description: 1. Introduction. The Present Telecommunications Infrastructure. Present Technologies for Voice, Video, and Data Networks. Present and Future Requirements. Downsizing and Outsourcing: Reliance on Telecommunications. Present Systems: Too Much or Too Little. Costs of Leased Lines. Virtual Companies and Virtual Networks. Fast Relay Networks and ATM. Applications use of ATM. Fast Relay Networks and SONET. Broadband ISDN. Principal specifications for atm. The Anchorage Accord. Summary. 2. The Nature of Analog: and Digital Systems. Analog Systems. Cycles, Frequency, and Period. Bandwidth. Broadband and Baseband Signals. Other Definitions of Broadband. The Analog-to-Digital Conversion Process. Sampling, Quantizing, and Encoding. Other Coding Schemes. Timing and Synchronization in Digital Networks. Plesiochronous Networks. The Synchronous Clock Hierarchy. Clarification of Terms. Timing Variations. SlipsControlled and Uncontrolled. Bit or Clock Slips. Summary. 3. Layered Protocols the Model for ATM and SONET Networks. Protocols and the OSI Model. OSI Layer Operations. Concept of a Service Provider. Encapsulation/Tunneling. ATM and the Model. Protocol Entities. Service Access Points (SAPs). ATM and OSI Layers. The Internet Protocols (TCP/IP). The Internet Layers. IP Functions. TCP Operations. The OSI Network and Transport Layer. Summary. 4. Emerged Technologies. Comparison of Switching Systems. The T1/E1 Systems. Purpose of T1 and E. Typical Topology. T1 and E1 Layers. T1/E1 PDUs. Conclusions on T1/E. @AHEADS = Purpose of X. Typical Topology. Layers. PDUs. Other Noteworthy Aspects of X. Conclusions on X. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). Purpose of ISDN. Typical Topology. ISDN Layers. ISDN PDUs. Conclusions on ISDN. Signaling System Number 7 (SS7). Purpose of SS. Typical Topology. SS7 Layers. SS7 PDUs. Conclusions on SS. ATM and SONET: Reduction or Enhancement of Functions in Networks. Summary. 5. The Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) Model. ISDN and B-ISDN. B-ISDN Configurations. ATM and the B-ISDN Model. Examples of the Operations between Layers in the B-ISDN Planes. B-ISDN Functions. B-ISDN Service Aspects. Summary. 6. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Basics. A Brief Review. Why is ATM called Asynchronous? An ATM Topology. The ATM Interfaces. The VPI and VCI Labels. ATM Layers. ATM Layers and OSI Layers. Relationship of AAL, ATM, and the Network. Relationship of Layers to the OSI Layered Architecture. Where to Find Service Definitions and Primitives. Typical Protocol Stacks. ATM PDUS (cells). Use of Two Identifiers. Metasignaling Cells and Other Cells. Rationale for the Cell Size. Network Transparency Operations. Errors and Error Rates. Error Correction and Detection. Probability of Discarding Cells. Overhead of the Cell Approach. Transmission Delay. ATM Labels. Multiplexing VCIs and VPIs. Cell Relay Bearer Service (CRBS). Point-to-Multipoint and Multipoint-to-Multipoint Services. Summary. 7. The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL). Principal Tasks of the AAL. The AAL Sublayers. Creating and Processing the AAL PDU. Classes of Traffic. RationalE for AAL Types. Dividing CS into further sublayers. AAL Naming Conventions. aal Type 1 (aal1). The AAL1 PDU. AAL 1 Modes of Operation. Synchronization and Clock Recovery. Running AAL 1 Traffic on a T1 Link. aal Type 2 (aal2). The AAL 2 PDU. Functional Model for AAL. Voice Packetization. Grouping Samples into Blocks. The Voice Packet. Packet Buildout at the Receiver. AAL Types 3, 4, 3/4, and 5 for Data. Pre-ATM Approach to Traffic Integrity Management. ATM Approach to Traffic Integrity Management. The Original aal Types 3 and Type 4 (aal3, aal4). AAL3/. Naming conventions for AAL3/. The AAL3/4 PDU. AAL3/4 Headers and Trailers. AAL3/4 Sequencing and Identificati

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